Present Perfect: exercícios com gabarito comentado

Carla Muniz

Professora licenciada em Letras

O Present Perfect é um tempo verbal da língua inglesa que pode ser usado para indicar ações que começaram no passado e se prolongaram até o presente, ou foram concluídas recentemente.

Não existe nenhum equivalente ao Present Perfect na língua portuguesa.

O Toda Matéria selecionou uma série de exercícios para ajudar você a compreender como e quando usar esse tempo verbal.

Mãos à obra!

Questões comentadas

1. (DPE-SP/2015)

What Causes a Super Blood Moon?

By Daniel Victor, Sept, 25, 2015.

A rare astronomical phenomenon Sunday night will produce a moon that will appear slightly bigger..... I ..... usual and have a reddish hue, an event known as a super blood moon.

It’s a combination of curiosities that hasn’t ..... II ..... since 1982, and won’t happen again ..... III ..... 2033. A so-called supermoon, which occurs when the moon is closest to earth in its orbit, will coincide with a lunar eclipse, leaving the moon in Earth’s shadow. Individually, the two phenomena are not uncommon, but they do not align often.

Most people are unlikely to detect the larger size of the supermoon. It may appear 14 percent larger and 30 percent brighter, but the difference is subtle to the plain eye. But the reddish tint from the lunar eclipse is likely to be visible throughout much of North America, especially on the East Coast.

“You’re basically seeing all of the sunrises and sunsets across the world, all at once, being reflected off the surface of the moon,” said Dr. Sarah Noble, a program scientist at NASA.

_{(Adapatado de: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/26/science/super-blood-moon-to-make-last-appearance-until2033.html)}

A alternativa que preenche corretamente a lacuna II é

a) happen
b) happening
c) will happen
d) happened
e) happens

2. (Ibmec-RJ/2011)

Global Thinking in the 21st Century

At the end of the 20th century, the world changed in important ways. Until recently nations acted independently. Each did its business and tried to solve its problems alone. But now, the economy is worldwide and communications technologies have connected people all over the globe. Many problems are global too, and can no longer be solved by individual nations.

Environmental destruction is one of these problems. As the world’s population has grown and technology has developed, the environment has suffered. Some nations have begun to try to stop the pollution and the environmental destruction. But the environment is global – the atmosphere, the oceans, and many forms of life are all connected. Thus, the solutions require global thinking.

The problem of ocean pollution is a good example. Since all the oceans of the world are connected. Pollution does not stay where it begins. It spreads out from every river and every harbor and affects bodies of water everywhere.

For centuries, people have used the oceans as a dumping place. Many cities take tons of garbage out to sea and dump it there. Five million plastic containers are thrown into the world’s oceans every day! Aside from plastics, many other dangerous substances are dumped in oceans.

Some people believe that oceans are so large that chemicals and waste will disappear. However, many things, such as chemicals and plastics, stay in the water and create problems.

Another global pollution problem concerns the atmosphere. Until recently, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used around the world in manufacturing refrigerators. Scientists discovered that these CFCs were destroying the ozone layer in the atmosphere and this layer helps protect the earth from the sun’s rays. Without this layer, most forms of life on earth – including humans – probable would not be able to live.

CFCs will soon be completely banned in the United States and in most developed countries while many other countries still use CFCs in manufacturing. Among these are some of the most populous on earth, such as India and China, which need to change their refrigerator factories to non-CPC processes. But they may not be able to make this change alone and will need help from the industrialized countries. This is what global thinking means – working together for solutions.

Some examples of the use of the present perfect were extracted from the text (…communications technologies have connected people all over the globe,… the environment has suffered, Some nations have begun to try…, … people have used the oceans as a dumping place). This verb tense was used because:

a) the development process is happening at the time of speech
b) the development process is in the past
c) the development process is widespread
d) the development process is happening within a limited time span
e) the development process is on-going

3. (Fatec-SP/2008)

Just Like Humans

Animal personality is now taken seriously.

We name them, raise them, clothe them and spoil them. We describe them as manipulative, grumpy, sensitive and caring.

And they’re not even human – they’re our pets. It’s in our nature to ascribe human characteristics to animals even if they don’t really exist. For this reason, in the interests of remaining objective observers of nature, scientists have taken pains to avoid anthropomorphizing animals. To talk about a dog’s having a swagger or a cat’s being shy would invite professional sneers.

In recent years, however, evidence has begun to show that animals have personalities after all. Chimps, for example, can be conscientious: they think before they act, they plan and they control their impulses, says Samuel Gosling, a Texas-based psychologist. Research has identified similar personality traits in many other species.

The implications of these findings for research on human personality are powerful.

Scientists can look to animal studies for insight into humans the same way they now look to animal testing for insight into drugs.

Animal research has already begun to shed light on how different sights [sic] of people respond to medications and treatments – aggressive and passive rats respond differently to antidepressants, for example.

The hope is that animals can help illuminate the murky interplay of genes and the environment on people’s personalities. The research may even lead to predictions about what people will do, based on their personalities, when they’re stressed out or frightened. Putting personality testing – already a thriving business – on a firm footing could uncover a wealth of knowledge about where personality comes from.

_{(Newsweek, June 18, 2007)}

Assinale a alternativa que contém o uso correto do tempo verbal “present perfect”, como no exemplo – “evidence has begun to show that animals have personalities after all” –, no segundo parágrafo do texto.

a) Her grandfather has won the lottery.
b) When America was discovered, Indians have lived in the land for a long time.
c) The president has arrived from Europe the previous night.
d) They have finished their assignment before the end of class.
e) Brazil has won the world cup in 2002.

4. One of the purposes of my trip across my native country was to listen – to hear speech¹, accent rhythms, overtones and emphasis. For speech is so much more than words and sentences. I did listen everywhere. It seemed to me that regional speech is in the process of disappearing; not gone, but going. Decades of radio and television must have this impact. Communications must destroy⁸ localness, by a slow, inevitable process. I can remember a time when I could almost pinpoint a man’s place of origin by his speech. That is growing more difficult now and will in some foreseeable future become impossible. It is a rare house or building that is not rigged with the spiky combers of the air. Radio and television speech becomes standardized, perhaps better English than we have ever used. Just as our bread, mixed and baked, packaged and sold without benefit of accident or human frailty, is uniformly good and uniformly tasteless, so will our speech become one speech¹⁸.

I who love words and the endless possibility of words am saddened by this inevitability³. For with local accent will disappear local tempo. The idioms, the figures of speech that make language rich and full of the poetry of place and time must go. And in their place will be a national speech¹⁷, wrapped and packaged, standard and tasteless. In the many years since I have listened¹⁴ to the land, the change is very great. Travelling west allong the northern routes, I did not hear truly local speech until I reached Montana. That is one of the reasons I fell in love again with Montana⁵. The West Coast went back to package English. The Southwest kept⁷ a grasp, but a slipping grasp on localness. Of course the deep south holds on to its regional expressions, just as it holds and treasures some other anachronisms, but no region can hold out for long against the highway, the high-tension line and the national television. What I am mourning⁹ is perhaps not worth saving, but I regret its loss nevertheless⁶.

Even while I protest the assembly-line production of our food, our songs, our language, and eventually our souls, I know that it was¹⁵ a rare home that baked good bread in the old days. Mother’s cooking¹¹ was with rare exceptions poor, that good unpasteurized milk touched only by flies and bits of manure crawling with bacteria, the healthy old time life was riddled with aches¹² and sudden death from unknown¹³ causes and that sweet local speech I mourn was the child of illiteracy and ignorance. It is the nature of man as he grows¹⁰ older, a small bridge in time², to protest against change, particularly change for the better. But it is true that we have exchanged corpulence for starvation, and either one will kill¹⁶ us. We, or at least I, can have no conception of human life in a hundred years or fifty years. Perhaps my greatest wisdom is the knowledge that I do not know. The sad ones are those who waste their energy⁴ in trying to hold it back, for they can only feel bitternes in loss and no joy in gain.

_{(STEINBECK, John. Travels with Charley. New York: Book of the Month Club, 1962.)}

The present perfect form of “That is one of the reasons I fell in love again with Montana” (ref.5) is:

a) that is one of the reasons I have falled in love again with Montana
b) that is one of the reasons I have fallen in love again with Montana
c) that is one of the reasons I had fallen in love again with Montana
d) that is one of the reasons I have felt in love again with Montana

5. (CESPE/2015)

They are in there, often unnoticed. The words that have become part of everyday English: Nirvana, pyjamas, shampoo and shawl; bungalow, jungle, and loot.

One landmark book records the etymology of colloquial Anglo-Indian words and phrases. Compiled by two India enthusiasts, Henry Yule and Arthur C Burnell, ‘Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India’ was published in 1886.

The editor of its contemporary edition — which has just been published in paperback — explains how many of the words pre-date British rule. “Ginger, pepper and indigo entered English via ancient routes: they reflect the early Greek and Roman trade with India and come through Greek and Latin into English,” says Kate Teltscher.

India’s influence on English points towards how language is perpetually in motion, and highlights the importance of former colonies in the making of the modern world. “It’s so fascinating to look at words,” says Teltscher. “It opens up these unexpected rhythms and paths of travel, and extraordinary, unlikely connections.”

Based on the text How India changed English, judge the following items.

In the excerpt “'Hobson-Jobson: The Definitive Glossary of British India' was published in 1886" (l. 7 and 8), “was published" can be correctly replaced by has been published.

a) certo
b) errado

Veja também: Exercícios sobre Present Perfect com gabarito comentado (nível fácil)

6. (IESES/2014)

Complete the sentence (use the present perfect):

Where’s the book I gave you? What _____________ with it?

a) are you doing
b) had you do
c) have you done
d) have you been doing

7. (CETRO/2015)

What causes hunger?

The world produces enough to feed the entire global population of 7 billion people. And yet, one person in eight on the planet goes to bed hungry each night. In some countries, one child in three is underweight. Why does hunger exist? There are many reasons for the presence of hunger in the world and they are often interconnected. Here are six that we think are important.

Poverty trap

People living in poverty cannot afford nutritious food for themselves and their families. This makes them weaker and less able to earn the money that would help them escape poverty and hunger. This is not just a day-to-day problem: when children are chronically malnourished, or ‘stunted’, it can affect their future income, condemning them to a life of poverty and hunger. In developing countries, farmers often cannot afford seeds, so they cannot plant the crops that would provide for their families. They may have to cultivate crops without the tools and fertilizers they need. Others have no land or water or education. In short, the poor are hungry and their hunger traps them in poverty.

Lack of investment in agriculture

Too many developing countries lack key agricultural infrastructure, such as enough roads, warehouses and irrigation. The results are high transport costs, lack of storage facilities and unreliable water supplies. All conspire to limit agricultural yields and access to food. Investments in improving land management, using water more efficiently and making more resistant seed types available can bring big improvements. Research by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization shows that investment in agriculture is five times more effective in reducing poverty and hunger than investment in any other sector.

Climate and weather

Natural disasters such as floods, tropical storms and long periods of drought are on the increase – with calamitous consequences for the hungry poor in developing countries. Drought is one of the most common causes of food shortages in the world. In 2011, recurrent drought caused crop failures and heavy livestock losses in parts of Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya. In 2012 there was a similar situation in the Sahel region of West Africa. In many countries, climate change is exacerbating already adverse natural conditions. Increasingly, the world’s fertile farmland is under threat from erosion, salination and desertification. Deforestation by human hands accelerates the erosion of land which could be used for growing food.

War and displacement

Across the globe, conflicts consistently disrupt farming and food production. Fighting also forces millions of people to flee their homes, leading to hunger emergencies as the displaced find themselves without the means to feed themselves. The conflict in Syria is a recent example. In war, food sometimes becomes a weapon. Soldiers will starve opponents into submission by seizing or destroying food and livestock and systematically wrecking local markets. Fields are often mined and water wells contaminated, forcing farmers to abandon their land. Ongoing conflict in Somalia and the has contributed significantly to the level of hunger in the two countries. By comparison, hunger is on the retreat in more peaceful parts of Africa such as Ghana and Rwanda.

Unstable markets

In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable. Roller-coaster food prices make it difficult for the poorest people to access nutritious food consistently. The poor need access to adequate food all year round. Price spikes may temporarily put food out of reach, which can have lasting consequences for small children. When prices rise, consumers often shift to cheaper, less-nutritious foods, heightening the risks of micronutrient deficiencies and other forms of malnutrition.

Food wastage

One third of all food produced (1.3 billion tons) is never consumed. This food wastage represents a missed opportunity to improve global food security in a world where one in 8 is hungry. Producing this food also uses up precious natural resources that we need to feed the planet. Each year, food that is produced but not eaten guzzles up a volume of water equivalent to the annual flow of Russia’s Volga River. Producing this food also adds 3.3 billion tons of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, with consequences for the climate and, ultimately, for food production.

Choose the alternative that presents a possible correct interrogative form of the sentence below.

“In recent years, the price of food products has been very unstable.”

a) Does the price of food products has been very unstable in recent years?
b) Is the price of food products has been very unstable in recent years?
c) In recent years, did the price of food products has been very unstable?
d) In recent years, has the price of food products been very unstable?
e) Have the price of food, in recent years, been very unstable?

Não deixe de consultar essa seleção de conteúdos que preparamos para ajudar você a aprimorar os seus conhecimentos sobre a língua inglesa.

• Simple Future: regras de formação, exemplos e exercícios
• Subject Pronouns: regras e exercícios
• Interpretação de texto em inglês com gabarito (Enem)
• Present Continuous (exercícios com gabarito comentado)
• Simple Present (exercícios com gabarito comentado)
• Verbos regulares e irregulares em inglês (exercícios com gabarito comentado)
• Reported speech (exercícios com gabarito comentado)
• Simple Past (exercícios com gabarito comentado)

Carla Muniz

Professora, lexicógrafa, tradutora, produtora de conteúdos e revisora. Licenciada em Letras (Português, Inglês e Literaturas) pelas Faculdades Integradas Simonsen, em 2002 e formada em 1999 no Curso de Magistério (habilitação para lecionar na Educação Infantil e no Ensino Fundamental I).